Tag: HEAT TRANSFER

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Data centers: Water quality and fouling risks in direct‑to‑chip cooling systems

August 10, 2026

Brandon White, Engineer, Experimental Research The choice of cooling method for a data center is driven primarily by water availability, material compatibility, local regulations, and budget constraints. Direct-to-chip (D2C) cooling is a common water-based solution, offering high efficiency—recent benchmarks indicate that 48% of facilities with adequate water resources have adopted it...
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• FOULING
• DATA CENTER
• COOLING WATER
• RESOURCES
• RESEARCH
• HEAT TRANSFER

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Data centers: The rising heat loads of the United States

April 13, 2026

Brandon White, Engineer, Experimental Research Figure1. Wall of modern server racks in data center facility. Photo by Brett Sayles from Pexels A data center is a facility that houses computing, storage, and networking equipment required to run digital services—from cloud platforms to AI workloads. Once thought of as simple “server rooms,”...
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• RESOURCES
• RESEARCH
• HEAT TRANSFER
• HEAT LOAD
• DATA CENTER
• COOLING WATER
• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

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From piping hot to the perfect sip: Modeling coffee cooling

March 09, 2026

Holly Huellemeier, Engineer, Research Whether you're an at-home coffee brewmaster or a drive-thru coffee connoisseur, you've probably experienced that awful feeling of burning your tongue on a piping hot cup of coffee. Most coffee drinkers prefer to drink their coffee at temperatures between 54.4 and 60 °C [1], but coffee brewing...
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• HEAT TRANSFER

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Coffee and Heat Transfer

November 10, 2025

Kevin J. Farrell, Principal Engineer, Computational Simulation & Validation When I enter the office first thing in the morning, my nose tells me there is fresh coffee in the breakroom—at least one pot of regular and one pot of what I call “the high test.” I've learned not to try to...
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• HEAT TRANSFER

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Achieving high efficiency in heat transfer equipment with HTRI digital twin technologies

February 11, 2025

The North American Refining Technology Conference (NARTC) was held January 21 — 22, 2025 in Houston, Texas. In the official conference newspaper, HTRI staff discuss the role of digital twins in heat transfer efficiency and how HTRI is at the forefront of developing solutions to advance predictive and preventive maintenance.  ...
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• XCHANGER SUITE
• SMARTPM
• SHELL-AND-TUBE
• HEAT TRANSFER
• FOULING
• FIRED HEATER
• ECONOMIZERS
• DIGITAL TWIN
• CASE STUDY
• AIR COOLED

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STS-4 Heat Transfer in Liquid Metals

January 29, 2025

Most experimental and numerical investigations on heat transfer in liquid metals with Pr < 0.1 concern tubeside flow, but a select few focus on shellside flow. This report reviews and compares single-phase heat transfer correlations for liquid metals in turbulent flow. It demonstrates that different sets of correlations should be used...
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• SINGLE-PHASE
• SHELL-AND-TUBE
• HEAT TRANSFER

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Improving models of falling film evaporators

November 04, 2024

LiDong Huang, Principal Engineer, Experimental Research Tubeside falling film evaporators (FFEs) have many advantages compared to other types of vaporizers and reboilers. Downflow evaporation reduces liquid holdup and residence time, which is a great advantage in handling heat sensitive liquids [1, 2] such as sugar/glucose solutions and milk products. Heat transfer...
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• VAPOR
• XIST
• HEAT TRANSFER
• FALLING FILM

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HTRI achieves a thousand-strong membership!

February 05, 2024

We are excited to share that HTRI has surpassed the milestone of 1000 members! This achievement is a true testament to the unwavering dedication and hard work of our staff. Their relentless commitment to excellence has allowed us to reach this remarkable milestone. "Our primary objective remains unchanged—to advance process heat...
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• MEMBERSHIP
• HEAT TRANSFER

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S-ST-1-18 Modified Tubeside Heat Transfer Method for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Water

July 10, 2023

Further analysis of data summarized in STG-22 leads to a simplified modeling option that improves the prediction of tubeside heat transfer data reported in literature for supercritical water and carbon dioxide. The new approach applies a multiplier to the HTRI single-phase correlation and decreases the heat transfer overprediction near the maximum...
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• SINGLE-PHASE
• HEAT TRANSFER

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Educational: Analyzing the Sensitivity of Process Heat Transfer Models

June 21, 2023

Process heat transfer models produce different results depending on the specific range(s) of input used. Ensuring that a model is robust and accurate across the range of inputs involves determining the amount or degree of that variation. This sensitivity analysis allows both physical and black-box models to be refocused or refined...
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• RESOURCES
• HEAT TRANSFER
• EDUCATIONAL

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S-ST-1-17 Using Neural Networks for Predicting Nusselt Number for Intube Laminar Flows

July 25, 2022

Neural networks can be used to predict the Nusselt number for intube laminar flow. In addition to describing the architecture of a neural network, this report discusses the application of a neural network to a manufactured data set, open literature data, HTRI data, and CFD simulation results. Our results illustrate the...
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• SINGLE-PHASE
• HORIZONTAL TUBES
• HEAT TRANSFER
• CONVECTION

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BT-42 Improved heat transfer methods for tubeside falling film evaporators

November 17, 2020

HTRI collected falling film evaporation data for two pure components and three mixtures in a vertical tube. Current falling film methods in Xist® 8.2 underpredict most of the measured heat transfer coefficients. Based on the latest data, we have improved our heat transfer methods, including a vapor-shear enhancement factor, a new mixture correction factor...
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• HEAT TRANSFER
• FALLING FILM

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Educational: Introduction to Two-phase Flow

December 04, 2018

Boiling, condensation, and multi-phase flows exist in many heat exchanger applications. This webinar describes the basic ideas used in heat transfer and pressure drop calculations of two-phase flow. It discusses theoretical and empirical models, a flow regime-based approach, and an overview of experimental research in the field....
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• HEAT TRANSFER
• PRESSURE DROP
• TWO-PHASE FLOW

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BG1-16 Shellside Longitudinal Liquid-phase and Flow Boiling Heat Transfer for Horizontal Plain Tube Bundles

August 01, 2017

This report discusses liquid-phase and flow boiling data collected on the shell side of a horizontal, nonbaffled plain tube bundle. Using these and other HTRI data, we evaluated heat transfer predictions from HTRI Xchanger Suite 7.3 and modified our methods. Fluid temperature measurements around the bundle demonstrate thermal stratification of liquid...
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• BOILING
• HEAT TRANSFER
• HORIZONTAL TUBES
• SHELLSIDE

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Is My Design OK? Trends in Process Heat Transfer Webinar

January 16, 2017

In this webinar, we will discuss key trends in the field of process heat transfer. Reasons and methods to reduce thermal design margins, increase process efficiencies, and improve manufacturing are identified during this session....
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• DESIGN
• ENHANCEMENTS
• GEOMETRY
• HEAT TRANSFER

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CT-36 Horizontal Intube Condensation Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Propane

January 16, 2017

Under contract with HTRI, the Sustainable Thermal Systems Laboratory (STSL) at Georgia Institute of Technology is studying intube condensation with pentane, propane, and propane/ethane mixtures. In the second phase of the study, the STSL acquired condensation heat transfer and pressure drop data using propane as the working fluid. This report reviews...
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• PRESSURE DROP
• HEAT TRANSFER
• CONDENSATION

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TE-6 Correlations for Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Tube Inserts in Single-phase Turbulent Swirl Flow

January 16, 2017

This report describes the mechanism behind turbulent swirl flow augmentation inside a tube, as well as the development of heat transfer and pressure drop correlations for Reynolds numbers between 3000 and 500000. The correlations have application independent of the specific swirl flow insert type. This report also identifies the lower bound...
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• TUBE INSERT
• SINGLE-PHASE
• PRESSURE DROP
• HEAT TRANSFER
• ENHANCEMENTS

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CT-33 Horizontal Intube Condensation at Georgia Tech: Test Rig and Initial n-Pentane Data

January 16, 2017

Under contract with HTRI, the Sustainable Thermal Systems Laboratory (STSL) at Georgia Institute of Technology is studying intube condensation with pentane, propane, and propane/ethane mixtures. The STSL is conducting experiments in the Phase-Change Heat Transfer Test Facility, a closed loop, single-pressure system. In the first phase of the study, the STSL...
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• PRESSURE DROP
• HEAT TRANSFER
• CONDENSATION

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TechTip: Customized Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Calculations in Xchanger Suite

January 16, 2017

Xchanger Suite® provides sophisticated modeling capabilities for a wide range of heat exchangers. Occasionally, you may need to customize the software to extend its capabilities. In this webinar, we discuss the reasons for using non-standard solutions and explore the range of customization options available. Additionally, using an example case, we review and...
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• HEAT TRANSFER
• PRESSURE DROP
• TECHTIP
• XCHANGER SUITE

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